Segue caso clínico para discussão no New England de 15/12/2016:
O caso clínico completo será disponibilizado após a discussão.
Abraços,
Em resumo: são semelhantes.
Ênfase em preferências do paciente, evitar açúcar refinado, carnes processadas, alto teor de sódio e gordura trans.
Mediterranean compared with low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss |
The impact of specific dietary composition on weight change remains uncertain. In a systematic review of five trials with follow-up ≥12 months, a Mediterranean diet resulted in similar weight loss (-4.1 to -10.1 kg) as a low-carbohydrate diet (-4.7 to -7.7 kg) and greater weight loss than a low-fat diet (2.9 to -5 kg) [4]. There was a similar reduction in lipid levels among the diets studied. The degree of adherence to the diet, irrespective of the particular macronutrient composition, is an important determinant of weight loss. We suggest choosing a diet or eating plan based upon patient preferences, which may improve long-term adherence. The diet should emphasize reductions in refined carbohydrates, processed meats, foods high in sodium and trans fat and higher intakes of fruits, nuts, fish, vegetables, and whole grains.
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See 'Obesity in adults: Dietary therapy', section on 'Weight loss diets'. |
4. Mancini JG, Filion KB, Atallah R, Eisenberg MJ. Systematic Review of the Mediterranean Diet for Long-Term Weight Loss. Am J Med 2016; 129:407. |
Agent selection for anticoagulation in venous thromboembolism | |
Guidelines for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) were issued by The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) [1]. Compared with earlier versions of the guidelines, the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran are now the preferred agents for long-term anticoagulation in patients who are not pregnant and do not have active cancer or severe renal insufficiency. This preference was based upon randomized trials that consistently reported similar efficacy, a lower bleeding risk, and improved convenience when compared with warfarin. We agree with this preference for DOACs in patients with acute VTE, understanding that choosing among anticoagulants frequently depends upon availability and cost as well as patient comorbidities and preferences.
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See 'Venous thromboembolism: Long-term anticoagulation, section on 'Selection of agent'. | |
1. Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S. For most non-pregnant patients who do not have severe renal insufficiency (eg, creatinine clearance <30 mL/minute) or active cancer, we suggest a direct oral anticoagulant (ie, apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran) rather than other agents (Grade 2B). In general, these agents have similar efficacy to warfarin and a lower risk of bleeding; however, access to a reversal agent may be limited. Direct oral anticoagulants are NOT suitable for the treatment of hemodynamically unstable pulmonary embolism (PE), massive iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT), those who are pregnant, or those with severe renal insufficiency. Dosing of these agents is individualized. (See 'Selection of agent' above and 'Direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors' above.) |
Diabetes as a coronary risk equivalent |
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is frequently referred to as a "coronary risk equivalent," meaning that the risk of a coronary heart disease (CHD) event is similar between individuals with DM and individuals with known CHD. However, this “equivalency” averages together patients with widely varying CHD risks, and many patients with DM have much lower risks. This was examined in a prospective cohort study that followed more than 1.5 million adults (ages 30 to 90) for a median of 9.9 years [3]. The rate of new CHD events was lower in patients with DM than in those with a prior CHD event (12.2 versus 22.5 events per 1000 person-years); the risk of events was similar only in patients who had DM for more than 10 years.
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Rana JS, Liu JY, Moffet HH, et al. Diabetes and Prior Coronary Heart Disease are Not Necessarily Risk Equivalent for Future Coronary Heart Disease Events. J Gen Intern Med 2016; 31:387. |
Zika virus and Guillain-Barré syndrome |
Zika virus has been associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), although a direct causal relationship has not been definitively established. A case-control study in French Polynesia evaluated the association between GBS and Zika virus infection during the 2013 to 2014 outbreak [1]. Cases included 42 patients diagnosed with GBS; one control group included 98 patients with nonfebrile illnesses and a second control group included 70 patients with Zika virus infection in the absence of neurological complications. Zika IgM was positive in 93 percent of GBS cases (versus 17 percent of patients in the first control group); serologic evidence of past dengue infection was similar among all three groups. Antiglycolipid IgG antibodies were detected in fewer than 50 percent of GBS cases, raising the possibility of direct viral neurotoxicity. Results of nerve conduction studies were consistent with the acute motor axonal neuropathy type of GBS; clinical improvement during follow-up suggested reversible conduction failure. Symptoms of Zika virus infection occurred in 88 percent of patients with GBS; the median interval between viral syndrome and onset of neurological symptoms was six days. All GBS cases received intravenous immune globulin, 38 percent required intensive care, and 29 percent needed respiratory care; all survived. The incidence of GBS during the outbreak was estimated to be 0.24 cases per 1000 Zika virus infections.
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1. Cao-Lormeau VM, Blake A, Mons S, et al. Guillain-Barré Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. Lancet. 2016 Feb; |